Name |
Died |
Theology |
Theory |
Jesus attitude |
Victim |
Relationship |
Reason for Selection |
Miracle? |
How |
Notes |
Time |
al-Kalbi |
146/763 |
|
Substitution |
|
Natyanus |
Friend of boasting Jews |
Friend of boasting Jews |
probably |
likeness cast upon someone |
Claims to be Abbas |
Pre-Tabari |
Mujahid B. Jabr AL-MAKKI |
104/722 |
Meccan? |
Substitution |
|
|
|
|
probably |
|
|
Pre-Tabari |
Wahb Ibn Munabbih (v1) |
114/732 |
Yemeni |
Substitution |
|
|
a willing disciple of Jesus |
volunteered |
yes |
likeness on EVERYONE |
endorsed by Al-Tabari |
Pre-Tabari |
Wahb Ibn Munabbih (v2, long one) |
114/732 |
Yemeni |
Substitution |
Jesus seeks to avoid C |
(Judas) |
the traitor |
UNK |
yes |
likeness on Judas |
Acts of John |
Pre-Tabari |
Qatada Ibn Di'ama (v1) |
117/735 |
|
Substitution |
Jesus seeks to avoid C |
|
a willing disciple of Jesus |
volunteered |
yes |
likeness cast upon someone |
|
Pre-Tabari |
Qatada Ibn Di'ama (v2) |
117/735 |
|
Substitution |
Jesus seeks to avoid C |
|
a willing disciple of Jesus |
volunteered |
|
|
Paradise promised |
Pre-Tabari |
Al-Qasim Ibn Abi Bazza |
124/742 |
|
Substitution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same as Mujahid/Qatada |
Pre-Tabari |
Isma'il Ibn Abd Al-Rahman Al-Suddi |
127/744 |
|
Substitution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same as Qatada, but 19 disciples |
Pre-Tabari |
Ja'far Ibn Muhammad Al-Sadiq |
148/750 |
Shiite Iman (6th) |
Dual-spheres |
|
Jesus |
|
|
no |
|
not quoted by Tabari; killing accepted |
Pre-Tabari |
Abd Al-Malik B. Abd Al-Aziz, Ibn Jurayj |
149/766 |
|
Substitution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
same as Mujahid/Qatada |
Pre-Tabari |
Muqatil b. Sulayman Al-Balkhi |
150/767 |
|
Substitution |
|
Guard placed over Jesus by the Jews (Yahudha, but not the traitor) |
|
punishment |
|
|
Jews unsure of who they killed |
Pre-Tabari |
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq |
150/767 |
|
Substitution |
Jesus seeks to avoid C |
Serjes |
a willing disciple of Jesus |
volunteered |
yes |
likeness cast upon someone |
King of Jews ordered the killing; 13 disciples (one not recognized by Christians); some Christians believe it was Judas who was killed? |
Pre-Tabari |
Yahya Ibn Ziyad Al-Farra |
207/822 |
(grammarian) |
(passage not about Jesus being killed; but knowledge being not being killed) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
based on grammar! |
Pre-Tabari |
Abu Muhammad Abd b. Muslim B. Qutayba Al-Dinawari |
276/889 |
|
Sovereignty; and knowledge |
|
|
|
|
|
|
deals with difficult passages in Q; like Acts--not Jewish initiative, they were not certain about what they had done |
Pre-Tabari |
Al-Tabari |
310/923 |
|
Substitution |
|
|
one of his companions, who remained in the house after the other disciples scattered |
|
yes |
changed into His likeness |
his actual position is unclear, even though there is a uniformity in the eleven traditions he cites; Jesus HAD talked about his death that night! |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Zajjaj |
310/923 |
(grammarian) |
(unsure: cites both substitution and knowledge views as legit) |
|
|
a willing disciple of Jesus |
volunteered |
|
|
promised the Garden |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Maturidi |
320/933 |
|
(raises doubt about the substitution story; notes the knowledge view as being important) |
|
a Jew who tried to arrest Jesus |
enemy |
punishment |
yes |
likeness cast upon someone |
no isnads given; objects to Wahb's versions as being 'unattested' |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Abu Hatim Al-Razi |
322/933 |
Isma'ili |
Dual-spheres |
|
|
|
|
|
|
says that Gospels and Q agree on this |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
al-Nasafi |
(same as al-Razi) |
Isma'ili |
Dual-spheres |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(known through debate with Al-Razi) |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Ja'far Ibn Mansur Al-Yaman |
349/960 |
Isma'ili |
UNK, but full crucifixion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
big on symbolism of Cross; includes broader Christological content--considered heretical in OXY |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Sijistani |
360/971 |
Isma'ili |
Dual-spheres |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cross revealed Jesus' prophethood |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al-Safa) |
Tenth Century |
Isma'ili |
Dual-spheres |
|
|
|
|
|
|
close to gospel accounts |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Abd Al-Jabbar |
416/1025 |
Mu'tazili |
Substitution |
(none) |
innocent Jew |
(none) |
Judas slandered him |
no |
Judas deliberately pointed to the wrong man, and he was assumed to be Jesus |
totally naturalistic |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Tha 'Labi (1) |
427/1035 |
Shi'a |
Substitution |
|
a Jew pretending to be Jesus |
|
|
no |
pretending |
|
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Tha 'Labi (2) |
427/1035 |
Shi'a |
Substitution |
|
Pilate(!) |
|
|
yes |
likeness cast upon someone |
|
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Tusi |
460/1067 |
Shi'a (12er) |
Substitution |
|
anonymous |
|
Jews selected to kill him INSTEAD of Jesus (polemic) |
yes |
likeness on EVERYONE |
mixture of fraud/miracle; first Shi'I to endorse Sunni views on this |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Abu Al-Futuh al-Razi |
525/1131 |
Persian Shi'a |
"figurative docetism" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Tabrisi / Al-Tabarsi |
548/1153 |
Shi'a (12er) |
[repeats al-Tusi/Wahb] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Qushayri |
465/1072 |
Ash'ari mystic |
Substitution |
offers it to a volunteer |
a disciple |
disciple |
volunteered |
yes |
likeness cast upon someone |
tries to justify Jesus accepting a substitute |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Zamakhshari |
538/1144 |
Mu'tazili |
rejects Substitution as unlikely (from text); but doesn’t offer alternative; might have said a Jew was killed in substitution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
detailed grammatical analysis; it was the 'affair' of the cross that was made obscure to the Jews |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Baydawi |
685/1286 |
popularizer of al-Z |
Substitution |
|
Jew named
tatanus |
Jew(?) |
|
yes |
|
|
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Razi |
606/1209 |
Ash'arite |
critical of substitution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
cannot allow image-transfer (dishonest); "God knows best what happened" --refering to conflicting stories |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Ruzbihan al-Baqli |
606/1209 |
Sunni/Asharite Sufi |
Substitution |
|
|
someone else UNLIKE Jesus in character (reason for killing him)? |
|
yes |
likeness cast upon someone |
weird incarnational verbiage |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Ibn Kathir |
774/1373 |
traditionalist |
Substitution |
avoidance |
disciple |
disciple |
volunteered |
UNK |
UNK |
no references to al-Z or al-Razi; serious villification of the Jews |
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |
Al-Suyuti |
911/1505 |
traditionalist |
Substitution |
|
disciple |
disciple |
3 volunteered |
UNK |
UNK |
|
Classical & Medieval (923-1505) |